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Python Version Management & Virtual Environments

Calf

uv

astral-sh/uv
astral-sh/uv星标分支数最近提交最新发行版发行日期

A single tool to replace pip, pip-tools, pipx, poetry, pyenv, twine, virtualenv, and more.

Installation

bash 
brew install uv
uv --version
#> uv 0.11.21 (Homebrew 2026-06-11 x86_64-apple-darwin)

Installing Python

bash 
uv python install
uv run python --version
#> Python 3.14.6

To set a uv-managed Python version as global system default:

bash 
uv python install --default 3.14
python --version
#> Python 3.14.6

Running Scripts

bash 
uv add --script <script-name>.py <package-name>
uv run <script-name>.py

Using Tools

The uvx command invokes a tool without installing it.

bash 
uvx ipython
# equivalent to:
uv tool run ipython
bash 
uv tool install ipython --with requests
ipython
In [1]: import requests
bash 
uv tool install httpie
httpie --version

Working on Projects

bash 
cd path/to/project
uv init
uv add <package-name>
uv lock
uv sync

uv run <command>

Python Version Management - pyenv (Deprecated)

pyenv/pyenv
pyenv/pyenv星标分支数最近提交最新发行版发行日期

pyenv lets you easily switch between multiple versions of Python. It’s simple, unobtrusive, and follows the UNIX tradition of single-purpose tools that do one thing well.

What pyenv does…

  • Lets you change the global Python version on a per-user basis (pyenv global).
  • Provides support for per-project Python versions (pyenv local).
  • Allows you to override the Python version with an environment variable (pyenv shell).
  • Searches for commands from multiple versions of Python at a time. This may be helpful to test across Python versions with tox .

In contrast with pythonbrew (no longer under active development) and pythonz, pyenv does not…

  • Depend on Python itself. pyenv was made from pure shell scripts. There is no bootstrap problem of Python.
  • Need to be loaded into your shell. Instead, pyenv’s shim approach works by adding a directory to your PATH.
  • Manage virtualenv. Of course, you can create virtualenv yourself, or pyenv-virtualenv to automate the process.

Installation

bash 
brew install pyenv

Then follow the rest of the post-installation steps, starting with Set up your shell environment for Pyenv.

Add the following to .zshrc:

bash 
export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"
eval "$(pyenv init -)"
# eval "$(pyenv init --path)"

pyenv needs to be upgraded to install new Python versions:

bash 
brew upgrade pyenv
pyenv install --list

Usage

If BUILD FAILED on Mac OS when pyenv install x.y.z:

bash 
sudo rm -rf /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools
xcode-select --install
pyenv install x.y.z

To select a pyenv-installed Python as the version to use, run one of the following commands:

  • pyenv shell <version> – select just for current shell session（在环境变量 PYENV_VERSION 中设置指定的 version）
  • pyenv local <version> – automatically select whenever you are in the current directory (or its subdirectories)（在当前目录创建一个 .python-version 文件，记录指定的 version）
  • pyenv global <version> – select globally for your user account（在 $PYENV_ROOT 目录中创建一个 version 文件，记录指定的 version）

Plugins

Plugins · pyenv/pyenv Wiki

除了 pyenv-virtualenv，没什么特别需要的。

Virtual Environments Management - pyenv-virtualenv (Deprecated)

pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv
pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv星标分支数最近提交最新发行版发行日期

pyenv-virtualenv is a pyenv plugin that provides features to manage virtualenvs and conda environments for Python on UNIX-like systems.

bash 
# 2022-08-04 10:37 The last release (v1.1.5) was on Feb 14, 2019
brew install --HEAD pyenv-virtualenv
# Or simply clone plugin code into pyenv plugins folder:
git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv.git $(pyenv root)/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv

Zsh has a pyenv plugin, which also loads pyenv-virtualenv if exists.

bash 
# Create virtualenv
pyenv virtualenv <name>
pyenv virtualenv 2.7.10 <name>

# Activate virtualenv
pyenv activate <name>
pyenv deactivate

# Delete existing virtualenv
pyenv uninstall <name>
# or
pyenv virtualenv-delete <name>

Virtualenvs can also be used by pyenv local, pyenv shell, or pyenv global if necessary.

Automatically Activate/Deactivate Virtualenvs

pyenv 虽然通过 pyenv local （即 .python-version 文件）也可以实现进入一个目录时自动切换到指定的 python 版本（支持多个版本、支持 virtualenv），但到目前（v2.3.2）仍然要求所指定的每一个版本必须存在，否则无法成功运行 python。虽然自动了，但过于强制。期望的是进入目录时，如果指定的版本（或 virtualenv）存在就自动切换，不存在就不切换。

pyenv-virtualenv 也说支持 auto activate，但也是基于 .python-version 文件，不知道跟 pyenv 自身的自动切换版本有什么区别（似乎是 pyenv-virtualenv 会额外 activate the virtualenv），但实际效果也是如果指定 virtualenv 不存在，就无法运行 python（这个是 pyenv 控制的）。

还没找到现成的工具或插件（for zsh or pyenv）。

考虑仿照 zsh virtualenvwrapper 插件里的逻辑，实现一个类似的基于 pyenv-virtualenv 的自动切换函数，可以不用额外的配置文件，自动找与目录同名的 virtualenv，如果有就 activate，没有就算了。

Package Management (Deprecated)

Python Package Management

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